What is NIB? 2020

What is National Internet Backbone ( NIB)?

For Freshers and beginners it is very Important to Known the NIB and its Working principle used in Telecommunication Now a day.

NIB Overview:-

Most Important Role in "Leased Line Connection".


Core of Broadband Service is National Internet Backbone NIB is a mission to build world clas infrastructure to help accelerate the internet revolution in India.
it has following features:-

1. It provide a diversified range of internet access services including support for VPN.

    a. Virtual Private Network Services.
          Layer-2 MPLS-VPN services.
          Ethernet over MPLS
          PPP over MPLS.
          VPLS
          Layer 2 any to any interworking.
     b.Layer-3 MPLS-VPN services
         Intranet,Extranet services
    c. Managed Customer Premises Equipment services.
    d. Internet Access Services.
        Dailup access services.
        Leased access services IP-VPN/MPLS-VPN
        DSL access services.
        Direct Ethernet access services
    e. Broadband Services.
        Broadcast TV using IP multi casting services.
        Multi cast video steaming services.
         Interactive distant learning using IP multi casting services.
         Interactive gaming services.

2. Messaging Services-Email,FTP etc.

3. Web hosting and Content hosting.

4. Internet Data Centre Services.

5. Value added services.

        Encryption services
        firewall services.
        Multi cast services.  
        Network address translation.

6. Service Level Agreement.

7. Offers fully managed serviced to customers.

NIB MPLS Core Architecture

1. Fully Meshed Connection.
2. Provider Router.
3. Provider Edge Router(PE).
4. IGW(Internation Gateway Router)
    connectivity to internet is through this router.
5. IXP (Internet exchange point)
    ISP's connects each other through this router.
6. IDC internet data centre.

Leased Line Related Tearms:-

SNMP Traps:

Simple Network Managements Protocol is a set of Protocols for managing complex networks.SNMP is an application layer protocol that allows network devices to exchange management information.SNMP allows network administrator to find and interpret network problems and plan network growth.SNMP Trap is an SNMP application that uses the SNMP trap operation to send information to a network manager.Traps are sent when errors or specific events occure on the network.

Auto Discovery:-

The Auto Discovery Configuration feature is used by network elements to discover their next hop neighbors.This feature eliminates the need to manually create trunks on the nodes.

Network Adjacency:

This feature gives the information of immediate neighbours to the NE.

OSPF:

The OSPF feature enables monitoring neighbors of a network elements and debugging the routing information for In Band Communication(IBC).The OSPF parameters can be configured for all embedded control channel interfaces and for the LAN port to enable routing between these interfaces.OSPF as a routing algorithm is used to route IP packets through the shortest path.

Static Route:

Static Route is an entry in NE routing table that specifies how to reach an IP address through a particular gateway.Static route are used to provide static connectivity between routers,meaning the routers do not change automatically unlike routing protocols.A static route can do this by adding a destination network IP address and the IP address of next hop NE.

Serial Ports:

The Serial Port is used as a craft terminal,this features provides a data communication system between two network elements.

Loopback:

Loopbacks are performed to check the continuity on SDH,PDH or Ethernet Ports.The exact location of failure can be detected using loopbacks.

Tandem Connection:

Tandem connection is a bi-directional connection between two tandem connection terminating systems.

Switches Configuration Information:

i.VLAN configuration.
ii. STP configuration.
iii. Tag mode configuration.
iv. Learning mofe configuration.

Quality of Service(QoS):

i. Trust Mode Configuration.
ii. Ports Rate limiting.
iii. QoS Summary.
iv. Class of Service.
v. Diffserv.
vi. ACL

Trust Mode Configuration:-

Trust Mode refers to sending information with a trusted ID by a client.you can configure the ingress port to trust either Class of Service or Differentiated Services code point.\

Ports Rate Limiting:

Ports Rate Limiting Parameters like CIR,CBS,Pause threshold,Resume threshold for all ports.

QoS Summary

QoS Feature configured on the network.

  • Diffserv policies.
  • MAC ACLs.
  • Extended IP ACLs.
  • Ingress/Egress rate limiting.
  • Interface queue list.

Classes of Service


The class of service queuing feature allows the user to directly configure device queuing and desired QoS without the complexities of DiffServ.The CoS feature allows the user to determine following behavior.

  • Queue mapping.
  • Queue configuration.

 Differentiated Service(DiffServ)


The DiffServ is method of offering QoS treatment for the network traffic without the need for a resource reservation protocol.There are three key QoS building blocks needed to configure DiffServ.

  • Class.
  • Policy.
  • Services.
Create DiffServ Classes by configuring matching criteria for  the incoming traffic based on L3/L3 parameters.
Create DiffServ policy & associated classes to it.
For each combination of policy & class,set of actions can be associated with the ports .

Access Control Lists

Access Control Lists associated with ports will either allow/drop the traffic based on action chosen which are applicable on the traffic which satisfy the rules.

  • Create ACL(L2)/Extended IP ACL(L3) rule by specifying matching criteria.
  • Create ACL and associated ACL/Extended IP ACL with respective rule created.
  • Choose Implicit Deny All rule yes/no based on whether traffic which matches with ACL/Extended ACL has to be sent/dropped.
  • Associated the ACL rule to the port for which ACL is required for communication of devices.

What is MPLS?

Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism in Packet-switched network.It operates at a layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of  Layer 2 and Layer 3 and thus MPLS is often referred to as a "Layer 2.5" protocol.It was designed to provide a  data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients.which provide a data-gram service model.It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic,including IP packets voice packet as well as native ATM.SONET,Frame relay and Ethernet frame.The IP network has emerged as the network for providing converged,differentiated classed of services to customers with optimal use of resources and also to address the issues related to Class of Service(CoS) and Quality of service(QoS) in network.MPLS is a packet-forwarding technology that uses labels to make data forwarding decision.

What is MPLS Header?

MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header.containing one  or more 'labels'.
This is called a label stack.Each label stack entry has four fields:-

  1. 20-bit label value(this is MPLS Label)
  2. 3-bit Experimental field generally used  for providing for QoS.
  3. 1-bit bottom of stack flag.If this is 1 signifies that the present label is the last in the stack.
  4. 8-bit TTL(time to live) field.

Routing Function and Routers in MPLS.

Routing Function in MPLS are defined as follows:

Label

A Label is used as an identifier which indicates the path a packet should traverse.Label is carried along with the packet format.The receiving router examines the packet for its label content to determine the next hop.When a packet has been labeled the rest of the journey of the packet through the backbone is based on  label switching.since every intermediate router has to look in to the label for routing the decision making at the level of router becomes fast and quike.

Label Creation

Every entry in routing table(build by using any IGP protocol) is assigned a unique 2-bit label of packet format.

Swap

Every incoming label is replaced by a new outgoing label(as per the path to be followed) and the packet is forwarded along with the path associated with the new label.

Push

A new label is pushed on top of the data packet effectively"encapsulating" the original IP packet in a layer of MPLS network.

POP

The label is removed from the data  packet effectively "de-encapsulating" if the popped label was the last on the label stack "leaves" the MPLS network tunnel.

LER

A router that operate at the edge of the access network and MPLS network .LER performs the PUSH and POP functions and is also the interface between access and MPLS network commonly known as Edge Router.

LSR

An LSR is a high-speed router device in the core of an MPLS network normally called Core Routers.These routers perform swapping functions and participate in the establishment of Label Switch Path(LSP).

Ingress/ Egress Router

The routers receiving the incoming traffic or performing the first PUSH function are ingress routers and routers receiving the terminating traffic or performing the POP function are Egress Routers.The same router performs both functionality.The Router performing these functions are LER

FEC

The Forward equivalence class(FEC) is a representation of a group of  packets that share the same requirements for their transport.All packets in such a group are provided the same treatment in router to the destination.As opposed to conventional IP forwarding in MPLS the assignment of a particular packet to a particular FEC is done just once as the packet enters the network at the edge router.

MPLS Functions:

  • MPLS remains independent of the Layer-2 and Layer-3 protocols.Meaning thereby that label encapsulating the data packet does not depend upon Layer 3/Layer 2 protocol of data.This justifies the name as multi protocol label switching.
  • Specifies mechanisms to manage traffic flow of various granularity such as flows between different hardware,machines or even flows between different applications.
  • Provides a means to map IP addresses to simple fixed-length labels used by different packet-forwarding and packet-switching technologies.
  • Interfaces to existing routing protocols such as resource reservation protocol(RSVP) and open shortest path first(OSPF).
  • Supports the IP ATM and frame-relay Layer-2 protocols.

Label Distribution Protocol(LDP)

The LDP is a protocol for the distribution of label information to LSRs in a MPLS networks.It is used to map FECs to labels which in turn create LSP.LDP session are established between LDP peers in the MPLs network(not necessarily adjacent)

MPLS Operation:

The following steps must be taken for a data packet to travel through an MPLS domain
  • Label creation and distribution.
  • Table creation at each router.
  • Label-switched path creation.
  • Label insertion tabel lookup.
  • Packet forwarding.
The source sends its data to the destination.In an MPLS domain not all the source traffic is necessarily transported through the same path.Depending on the traffic characteristics.FECs different LSPs could be created for packets with different CoS requirements.

Tunneling in MPLS

A unique feature  of MPLS is that it can control the entire path of a packet without explicity specifying the intermediate routers.It does this by creating tunnels through the intermediary routers that can span multiple segments.This concept is used for provisioning MPLS-based VPNs.


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